can music and dance promote negative relationships
Our meta-analysis is one of the first in the field to conduct sensitivity analysis, which is one approach to deepen the understanding about the sources of heterogeneity. In a random-effect model, we use a new inverse variance component resulting in greater confidence intervals of the effect sizes. The advantage of a bigger sample per outcome would be that more homogeneous clusters could be considered and addressed with sensitivity analysis. Thus, observing that DMT and dance interventions seem to be as effective as meditation suggests promoting these kinds of interventions as well. To address issues of heterogeneity and to obtain a better understanding of which study characteristics might influence the assessment of effect sizes, we conducted sensitivity analysis for categorical variables (METAF, Macros from David B. Wilson; Lipsey and Wilson, 2001) and for metric variables (METAREG, Macros from David B. Wilson; Lipsey and Wilson, 2001). At the same time, there was higher heterogeneity of results in the group of children and elderly. For these studies, the weighted mean effect size remained significant when compared to non-active control groups (in most cases, waiting list CGs), but declined to a visible but non-significant effect when compared to active control groups (d = 0.43, p = 0.009 vs. d = 0.21, p = 0.126). Quiroga Murcia C., Bongard S., Kreutz G. (2009). A., Rochester L. (2013). Guzmn-Garca A., Hughes J. C., James I. Dancing can definitely make you happier. This argument is underlined by a vivid discussion on the ecological validity of studies reducing complex processes, such as an aesthetic experience or the impact of art perception and production on health, into its single components (see e.g., Christensen and Jola, 2015). PDF Domains of the Subject Matter Requirements Active control groups are recommended for most studies by the increasing standards of the evidence-based medicine. Six samples were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, five with schizophrenia, four with ASD, and two with cognitive impairments. In addition, some high-quality qualitative research suggests that DMT and dance are beneficial supportive treatments to traditional care and have some specific advantages, such as the non-verbal approach, body-oriented treatment process, etc. (2008), Burgess et al. Because we observed many dissimilarities between DMT and dance intervention studies, we recommend analysing those two types of studies separately in future studies. We used different terms for dance movement therapy (DMT) and dance-related interventions as single keywords and combined search terms, putting together the single keywords and terms related to the study design (see Box 1). Music therapy is an evidence-based treatment that helps with a variety of disorders including cardiac conditions, depression, autism, substance abuse and Alzheimer's disease. Besides that, we observed effects on several different health-related psychological outcomes. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. In countries with less evidence-based research traditions, methodological standards tend to be less strict and resulting effects tend to be larger. Another critical element that might contribute to the fact that higher-risk studies yielded larger effect sizes could be publication bias. In this meta-analysis, we investigated the effectiveness of DMT and dance interventions on health-related psychological outcomes. Collective synchrony increases prosociality towards nonperformers and Furthermore, all effects but the effect for (psycho-)motor skills showed high heterogeneity. Therefore, to avoid an overestimation of the effectiveness (Lipsey and Wilson, 2001), we recoded all effect sizes greater than three to d = 3.0, because it seems that those effect sizes are not realistic within intervention studies (Beelmann, personal communication). An intervention and correlation study. Hwang H. H., Choi Y. J., Kim B. R. (2010). They found that the adjusted difference in negative symptoms was 0.03 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.17), indicating no benefit from body psychotherapy. (2016) tested the decrease of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia after movement therapy (i.e., body psychotherapy, BPT, conducted by dance movement therapists; for definition of these terms, see Martin et al., 2016) in a randomized sample of N = 275 participants. If the intervention description suggested that predominantly typical tools of DMT were used (therapeutic use of dance/movement involving mirroring, conscious social interaction in movement, introspection and reflections on movement and body sensations; see also definition of DMT and description of DMT methods in Koch, 2019), we categorized the intervention as DMT. In physiology and medicine, the general definition of stress is introduced by Selye (Citation 1956): 'Stress is a general activation reaction to a stimulus that could mean both a challenge (in a positive way) and a threat (in a negative sense)' (p. 32). (2010), Kaltsatou et al. The estimated weighted overall random effect was d = 0.60 (p < 0.001, CImin = 0.44, CImax = 0.76). From Q-statistics, we can calculate I-square, which is an estimator for the inconsistency of the results (Higgins et al., 2003). Prevention studies yielded larger effects but higher heterogeneity than clinical studies. Music and Exercise These encouraging results are limited by methodological shortcomings of the primary studies. We also found studies that yielded no improvements in quality of life and motor function (e.g., freezing of gait). Stay aware of your behavior and be sure to treat people with respect. The effects for quality of life, affect, and cognitive skills remained significant, whereas the effect for interpersonal skills reached the p < 0.1 level. Including dance intervention studies in addition to DMT studies had the further advantage that we obtained enough data to conduct sensitivity analysis. By guessing the goal of the research, participants try to comply with its assumed goal (Rosenthal, 1966). (2014). The body speaks: using the mirror game to link attachment and non-verbal behavior. In Pilates, the torso is the focus of the work, the muscle tone is actively controlled and altered in specific regions of the torso, the muscles are strengthened and stretched, and the practice includes breath work for bringing the movements of the torso in resonance with the breath. How Can Music Help Us to Address the Climate Crisis? Apart from Koch et al. Some studies reported median instead of mean and standard error of the mean or interquartile range instead of standard deviation. Pohlmann V., Koch S. C., Fuchs T. (2017). While complete blinding is not possible in therapy studies (and should thus not be part of the quality assessment of therapeutic trials to add this critique here), blinding of the randomization process and the accessor should be standard. (2009), and Xiong and Li (2009). As reported above, a quarter of the studies had a great risk of selection bias (or in this respect), because no randomization or quasi-randomization tools were used. Any of the investigated trials might be affected by this risk of bias (Rosenthal effect), because blinding is a challenge in any type of intervention study. Observation rating scales yielded the largest effect sizes (d = 1.34, p < 0.001, I2 = 76.01%). In our sample, only eight of the included trials reported follow-up data (mean period: 22 weeks). One criterion of methodological quality of study was sample size. From Level II to Level I effect sizes across studies were synthesized. The interpretation of the dance phenomenon is based on the fact that dance But the question is how does it work? Background: Dance is an embodied activity and, when applied therapeutically, can have several specific and unspecific health benefits. We thus can assume that the type of measurement, especially observation rating scales, is one of the most significant sources of heterogeneity across studies. In our meta-analysis, we also assessed and analyzed various study characteristics to deepen our understanding of factors that influenced the effects of DMT and dance on health-related outcomes. Soulier et al. Robert Lanterman is a musician, writer, and record label owner originally from Boise, ID. The results indicate that DMT (in this context termed medical DMT; Goodill, 2005) and dance might improve physiological conditions (e.g., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, V02-peak, exercise capacity) and quality of life, but not beyond the effects of other exercise interventions. that constitute the cue for every corresponding movement. (2016), Gomes Neto et al. The distribution would be asymmetrical in case of a publication bias, because then small sample studies with positive effect sizes would be published, whereas small sample studies with no positive effects would remain unpublished (Lipsey and Wilson, 2001). Greenberg, D. M., Decety, J., & Gordon, I. Koch (2017) has distinguished five mechanism clusters through which creative arts therapies3 work that also apply to DMT and dance: (a) hedonism (pleasure and play, non-goal orientation), (b) aesthetic experience (experiencing beauty, bodymind unity, unity with a partner, etc.) Small improvements in expressive deficits and movement disorder symptoms were detected in favor of body psychotherapy. Music is the most accessible and most researched medium of art and healing, and there has been a principal emphasis on the soothing capacity of music and its ability to offset overly technological approaches to care. The joy dance: specific effects of a single dance intervention on psychiatric patients with depression, Breaking barriers: evaluating an arts-based emotion regulation training in prison, Embodied self in trauma and self-harm: effects of flamenco therapy on traumatized in-patients, Fostering social cognition through an imitation- and synchronization-based dance/movement intervention in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a controlled proof-of-concept study, How Many Subjects? Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection. Sixteen effect sizes were larger than 3.0 and could be viewed as outlier effect sizes that could have serious impact on the mean effect size and the moderator analyses. The quality of intervention description differed widely across studies. Burgess G., Grogan S., Burwitz L. (2006). Primarily therapeutic mechanisms of DMT/BPT and potential control interventions, respectively, need to be further investigated, before conducting another primary study of the scope of the NESS paper. (2016), Pohlmann et al. All authors contributed to the paper and revised it into its final version. Dance intervention studies tended to have smaller sample sizes, less randomization, and more missing information in the reporting of results. In the dance cluster, we observed larger but less consistent effects. (2011), Hall (2011), Hwang et al. This example shows that good outcome research needs scholarly mechanisms research (Hayes, 2013) and that there is a strong interdependency between these two types of clinical research. In sum, oxytocin is a hormone that plays a large role in social interactions and social bonding. Positive and negative effects of music However, in recent years, evidence-based quantitative research is getting stronger, in terms of numbers and quality of studies (e.g., Peters, 2012). (2013), and Cruz-Ferreira et al. (2014), tackling high-quality evidence-based research in the field. If music can be useful here in breaking old habits and strengthening new ones, might it be possible to develop music-based interventions that help break habits with a negative environmental impact and help to form and strengthen habits with a more positive environmental impact? We decided to conduct a sub-analysis of anxiety and depression, because the treatment of these conditions is of broad public interest and has been discussed in the previous literature (Peters, 2012; Koch et al., 2014). There were also two adult populations (ASD, schizophrenia). The presence of strong social bonds in adulthood is known to decrease the vulnerability to drug abuse. A more general empirical evidence-base on the effectiveness of DMT will provide an orientation for patients, therapists, researchers, educators, and healthcare associations and influence professional and public recognition of DMT (Koch et al., 2014). We calculated a fixed-effect model to obtain a weighted mean effect size across studies (Level I). According to standards of evidence-based medical practice, there are five levels of evidence (from the bottom to the top level): Level 4: expert opinions/textbooks, Level 3: case studies/non-experimental studies, Level 2: quasi-experimental studies, Level 1b: randomized controlled studies, and Level 1a: meta-analyses/reviews (e.g., Sackett et al., 2000). In Baptista et al. Mindfulness predicts relapse/recurrence in major depressive disorder after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Self-efficacy and social support as mediators between culturally specific dance and lifestyle physical activity, Social dancing in the care of persons with dementia in a nursing home setting: a phenomenological study. The DMT studies differed in the technique, e.g., the technique by Marian Chace (Chacian approach, a standard method in DMT; Sandel et al., 1993), dance therapy with ethno-elements, DMT modified to suit Chinese culture, manualized body psychotherapy (conducted by dance therapists; manual of Rhricht and Papadopolous, unpublished), and dance therapy with elements of creative movement play (for more extensive description of intervention methods in DMT, see Koch, 2019). Connecting: Candidates have both broad and in-depth conceptual knowledge of the historical and cultural contexts of dance. However, there is still an urgent quest for more trials with rigorous standards in respect to the chosen way of research (quantitative, qualitative, arts-based). Most studies found evidence on the effectiveness of DMT on clinical outcomes (k = 12 trials), followed by quality of life (k = 10 trials) and cognitive skills (k = 3 trials). (2017) stated that gender is an important moderator for the effectiveness of body psychotherapy on negative symptoms in schizophrenia. RR analyzed the results and wrote the first draft. GUID:64721177-1DC4-4FA3-B1E8-6D8E4365AD15, Experimental intervention study (independent variable: dance or DMT intervention, dependent variable: health-related psychological outcomes). Furthermore, there is a training of cognitive skills associated with movement, for example, in executing imagined movements, following music, and observing bodily changes (Hashimoto et al., 2015). The fact that outcome variables in children and elderly were assessed with observation rating scales more often might contribute to these differences. This thesis investigates the process of intercultural communication within a hybrid dance practice called qi dance, which is formed by a combination of principles of Chinese traditional somatic practice and Western contemporary dance. No other outcomes were significantly different. With the interpretation of these findings, the authors question other relevant studies of the field, including their own earlier work (see Rhricht and Priebe, 2006; Lee et al., 2015; and Martin et al., 2016the latter a study from the same year, employing the same treatment manual (Rhricht and Papadopolous, unpublished). (Grawe et al., 1994; Wampold, 2015; Wampold and Irmel, 2015). Most measures in this outcome cluster were based on self-report questionnaires (e.g., rating satisfaction with certain life conditions on a Likert scale), with only one study containing observations and ratings from an external person, who in this case was a clinician (Teixeira-Machado et al., 2017). We were not able to extract this information from most of our primary trials, but we assume that researchers usually know the treatment allocation of the participants. Thus, self-report-questionnaires or observation rating scales are more prone to bias than cognitive, physiological, or motor test, which are somewhat less subjective, but still reactive (note that the reactiveness of measurement type ranked differently in our study as indicated above).
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can music and dance promote negative relationships
