latin patriarch of jerusalem
Along the way, Walter of Brienne captured livestock intended to resupply Damascus, as the Ayyubids had probably learned of the Crusaders' plans to attack it. This is the official page of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem.. "We know that these are temporary solutions," the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem warns. On the mainland, Filangieri had the support of Bohemund IV of Antioch, the Teutonic Knights, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Pisan merchants. When Uthman died in 1198, al Afdal returned to power as regent in Egypt for Uthman's infant son. Jaffa 2. Conrad proclaimed that he had come of age in 1242, eliminating both Frederick's claim to the regency and the need for an imperial guardian to govern in his place, although he had not yet turned 15, the age of majority according to the customs of Jerusalem. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Pierbattista Pizzaballa, blames Israel's rightwing government for growing hostility to Christians. He was succeeded by his son al-Kamil. [55], In 1183 a general tax was levied throughout the kingdom, which was unprecedented in Jerusalem and almost all of medieval Europe to that point. As Naples was a papal fief, the Popes often endorsed the title of King of Jerusalem as well as of Naples, and the history of these claims is that of the Neapolitan Kingdom. 486488. The major cities featured baths, interior plumbing, and other advanced hygienic tools which were lacking in most other cities and towns throughout the world. The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem ( Latin: Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus) is the Latin Catholic ecclesiastical patriarchate in Jerusalem, officially seated in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Josiah Russell calculates that all of Syria had about 2.3 million people at the time of the crusades, with perhaps eleven thousand villages; most of these, of course, were outside of crusader rule even at the greatest extent of all four crusader states. In 2008, Archbishop Fouad Twal was appointed Patriarch to succeed Patriarch Michel Sabbah. SubscribeStart your Register subscription today. The war also spread to Tripoli and Antioch, where the Embriaco family, descended from Genoese crusaders, was pitted against Bohemond VI of Antioch, who supported the Venetians. Read more about His Beatitude's visit to Rafidia . [78], John did accompany Frederick to the mainland, but Frederick was not well-received there; one of his few supporters was Balian, Lord of Sidon, who had welcomed the crusaders the year before and now acted as an ambassador to the Ayyubids. The Founder of Domino's Pizza Wants to Be a Beacon for Catholic Higher Education, Fra Angelicos Rare Painting of the Crucifixion Fetches Record Price at Christies Auction House, Archbishop Fernndez on New Role as Vaticans Doctrinal Chief: I Will Do it My Way, Man Shot at DCs Catholic University Was Kentucky High School Teacher. [28] After the death of both Fulk and Emperor John in separate hunting accidents in 1143, Zengi invaded and conquered Edessa in 1144. With Ayyub's support, they sacked Jerusalem in the summer of 1244, leaving it in ruins and useless to both Christians and Muslims. II, bk. their character was more and more that of a desperate defensive war rarely reaching beyond the Balkans (Alexandrian Crusade, Smyrniote crusades). The Crusaders, meanwhile, marched to Ascalon. [63], Guy of Lusignan, who had been refused entry to Tyre by Conrad, began to besiege Acre in 1189. While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised Christians and Muslims from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French and Italian) also arrived to settle in villages across the region. [24], Fulk was an experienced crusader and had brought military support to the kingdom during a pilgrimage in 1120. John was supported by his nobles on Cyprus, and by his continental holdings in Beirut, Caesarea, and Arsuf, as well as by the Knights Templar and the Genoese. [127], There were other, lesser courts for non-nobles and non-Latins; the Cour des Bourgeois provided justice for non-noble Latins, dealing with minor criminal offences such as assault and theft, and provided rules for disputes between non-Latins, who had fewer legal rights. The Crusaders moved their headquarters north to cities such as Tortosa, but lost that too, and were forced to relocate their headquarters offshore to Cyprus. The sugar exploitation system pioneered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem is seen as a precursor to the sugar plantations in the Americas.[121]. In the 13th century, sugar production continued to increase in Palestine, and merchants could export it duty-free through the port of Acre until its conquest in 1291. Pro-Cathedral of the Latin Patriarchate . This past year has also brought along its share of challenges and Pentecost 2023: "This is how the Church was born, in Jerusalem", Mgr Pizzaballas pastoral visit to Ramallah, The diocese of the Latin Patriarchate seen from the past, Procession of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Haifa, Mgr Pizzaballas pastoral visit to Bethlehem. Panorama, steden, Jordani, Bestanddeelnr 254-6116c Panorama of Jerusalem's Old City and between 1910 and 1937.png. This is the official YouTube channel of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Benjamin Z. Kedar argued that the canons of the Council of Nablus were in force in the 12th century but had fallen out of use by the thirteenth. The Mamluks, led by Baibars, eventually made good their pledge to cleanse the entire Middle East of the Franks. [77], Frederick immediately came into conflict with the native nobles of Outremer, some of whom resented his attempts to impose Imperial authority over both Cyprus and Jerusalem. Heraclius offered the "keys of the Holy Sepulchre, those of the Tower of David and the banner of the Kingdom of Jerusalem", but not the crown itself, to both Philip II of France and Henry II of England; the latter, as a grandson of Fulk, was a first cousin of the royal family of Jerusalem, and had promised to go on crusade after the murder of Thomas Becket. Albala Pelegrin, Marta. They were fairly evenly matched in background and education, but politically they were allied with opposite parties, as Heraclius was one of Agnes of Courtenay's supporters. In 1987, Michel Sabbah became the first native Palestinian to be appointed Latin Patriarch. [citation needed], Other cities in the archdiocese have more Minor Basilicas: Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth, Basilica of the Transfiguration in Mount Tabor, Carmelite Monastery of Stella Maris in Haifa and St. Cleophas Church in El Qubeibeh, and two other World Heritage Sites, both in Bethlehem: Church of St. Catherine and Church of the Nativity. The IDF also said it confiscated other weapons which it said would be used to attack Israeli civilians. BOOK PICK: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus is must-read for young readers. [26] Accordingly, Fulk "became so uxorious thatnot even in unimportant cases did he take any measures without her knowledge and assistance."[27]. Italian archbishop Pizzaballa appointed new Latin patriarch of Jerusalem Frederick was forced to return home in 1229, leaving the Holy Land "not in triumph, but showered with offal" by the citizens of Acre. 76. Job Vacancies - Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem The strikes killed at least 12 people, including five minors. The terms of the treaty were unacceptable to the Patriarch of Jerusalem Gerald of Lausanne, who placed the city under interdict. As in Europe the nobles had vassals and were themselves vassals to the king. In March, Frederick crowned himself in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but because of his excommunication and the interdict Jerusalem was never truly reincorporated into the kingdom, which continued to be ruled from Acre. Curia Sign-up for E-NewsletterGet Register Updates sent daily or weeklyto your inbox. Baldwin II was an able ruler, and he too successfully defended against Fatimid and Seljuk invasions. The Latin population of the kingdom was always small; although a steady stream of settlers and new crusaders continually arrived, most of the original crusaders who fought in the First Crusade simply went home. Job Board Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem Condemns Israeli Military Action The July 3 and July 4 attack on the Jenin camp, which is home to about 11,000 Palestinians, was the largest Israeli. The arrival of the crusade was a brief respite from the Lombard War; Filangieri remained in Tyre and did not participate. [35], When Baldwin died childless in 1162, a year after his mother Melisende, the kingdom passed to his brother Amalric, who renewed the alliance negotiated by Baldwin. [113] In the 13th century, John of Ibelin drew up a list of fiefs and the number of knights owed by each, but this gives no indication of the non-noble, non-Latin population. He was ordained Archbishop on September 10, 2016, in Bergamo, Italy. The Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem - Ten facts about Alberto Gori The original Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted from 1099 to 1187 before being almost entirely overrun by the Ayyubid Sultanate under Saladin. The kingdom also inherited "oriental" qualities, influenced by pre-existing customs and populations. [17] Within this framework, a Catholic church hierarchy was established, overtop of the local Eastern Orthodox and Syriac Orthodox authorities, who retained their own hierarchies (the Catholics considered them schismatics and thus illegitimate, and vice versa). The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Latin: Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus) is the Latin Catholic ecclesiastical patriarchate in Jerusalem, officially seated in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. King Baldwin was so incapacitated by his leprosy that it was necessary to appoint a regent, and Guy of Lusignan was chosen, as he was Baldwin's legal heir and the king was not expected to live. St. James was the first bishop of Jerusalem. Arab-Andalusian geographer and traveller Ibn Jubayr, who was hostile to the Franks, described the Muslims living under the Christian crusaders' Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 12th-century: We left Tibnin by a road running past farms where Muslims live who do very well under the Franks-may Allah preserve us from such a temptation! Melisende continued to rule as regent long after Baldwin came of age. William of Tyre, vol. In 451 it was promoted as Patriarchal See. Christians are in danger under Israeli government, says Holy Land patriarch The regency in Acre was then claimed by Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan and his cousin Hugh of Brienne, and Hugh II died in 1267 before he reached the age of majority. 18, pg. Nur ad-Din remained a threat in the east, and Baldwin had to contend with the advances of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who claimed suzerainty over the Principality of Antioch. Its history is divided into two periods with a brief interruption in its existence, beginning with its collapse after the siege of Jerusalem in 1187 and its restoration after the Third Crusade in 1192. Hethum I of Armenia and Bohemond VI of Antioch had already submitted to the Mongols as vassals. 9, ch. Sign up for 6 Free IssuesTry us out with a free trial subscription. Interactions between the Franks and the native Muslims and Christians, though muddled, exhibited a practical coexistence. Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem - Some of the Mongols were Nestorian Christians, including Kitbuqa, one of the generals at the sieges of Baghdad and Damascus, but despite this, the nobles of Acre refused to submit. During Louis IX's stay in Acre, Henry I died in 1253, and was succeeded in Cyprus by his infant son Hugh II. The only legal means of manumission was conversion to (Catholic) Christianity. II, bk. William of Tyre, introduction by Babcock and Krey, pg. It is exempt, being directly subject to the Holy See (and exceptionally its Roman Congregation for the Oriental Churches, which normally handles Eastern Catholics). During the Western Schism, the patriarch was appointed by both popes resulting in overlapping appointments. Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem: Violence Requires 'An Urgent The Latin Patriarchal Seminary has welcomed and formed candidates to become diocesan priests in the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem and in other dioceses for over a century and a half. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, 1875 - WikiArt.org ROSARY IN LATIN CHURCH Holy Land easter Pierbattista Pizzaballa Patriarch Pizzaballa of Jerusalem: 'Easter is not just a slogan' In his Easter Message, the head of the Latin Church in Jerusalem evokes the ongoing tensions and violence in the Holy Land, and the war in Ukraine. As new generations grew up in the kingdom, they began to think of themselves as natives, rather than immigrants, much as the Arabs had done before them. [23] Baldwin was married to the Armenian noblewoman Morphia of Melitene, and had four daughters: Hodierna and Alice, who married into the families of the Count of Tripoli and Prince of Antioch; Ioveta, who became an influential abbess; and the eldest, Melisende, who was his heir and succeeded him upon his death in 1131, with her husband Fulk V of Anjou as king-consort. The naval battle was won by Venice, and the Genoese were forced to abandon their quarter and flee to Tyre with Philip. Jerusalem collected money through tribute payments, first from the coastal cities which had not yet been captured, and later from other neighbouring states such as Damascus and Egypt, which the Crusaders could not conquer directly. The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the royal domain. In 1163 the chaotic situation in Egypt led to a refusal to pay tribute to Jerusalem, and requests were sent to Nur ad-Din for assistance; in response, Amalric invaded, but was turned back when the Egyptians flooded the Nile at Bilbeis. Baldwin and his advisors recognised that it was essential for Sibylla to be married to a Western nobleman in order to access support from European states in a military crisis; while Raymond was still regent, a marriage was arranged for Sibylla and William of Montferrat, a cousin of Louis VII of France and of Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor. The king was assisted by a number of officers of state. 27, pp. But instead the crusade was diverted to Tunis, where Louis died. JERUSALEM - While we celebrate the birth of our Lord, we also celebrate the end of another year full of blessings, accomplishments and dedicated services. Catholic Church. [57] Saladin attempted another siege in 1184, but Baldwin repelled that attack as well, and Saladin raided Nablus and other towns on the way home. In 1265, Baibars took Caesarea, Haifa and Arsuf, and Safad and Toron in 1266. Al-Kamil retreated to the nearby fortress of al-Mansurah, but the crusaders remained in Damietta throughout 1219 and 1220, awaiting the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, while King John returned to Acre briefly to defend against al-Mu'azzam, who was raiding the kingdom from Damascus in John's absence. From that time on, the Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem ceased to reside in Cyprus. Zengi's territory had been divided amongst his sons after his death, and Damascus no longer felt threatened, so an alliance had been made with Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, the emir of Aleppo. Further information can be gathered from travellers such as Benjamin of Tudela and Ibn Jubayr. [1] A Franciscan friar, he had served as Custos of the Holy Land from 2004 to 2016, and as Apostolic Administrator of the Latin Patriarchate from 2016 to 2020. The native crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities. In Jerusalem, the royal family lived firstly on the Temple Mount, before the foundation of the Knights Templar, and later in the palace complex surrounding the Tower of David; there was another palace complex in Acre. In 1153 Baldwin had himself crowned as sole ruler, and a compromise was reached by which the kingdom was divided in two, with Baldwin taking Acre and Tyre in the north and Melisende remaining in control of Jerusalem and the cities of the south. 175; reprinted in, Mayer calls them "chattels of the state"; Hans Mayer, "Latins, Muslims, and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem", History 63 (1978), pg. In Jerusalem, the Latin Catholic community is the largest Christian community, with some 4,500 people out of an estimated Christian population of about 11,000. Raymond and his supporters went to Nablus, presumably in an attempt to prevent Sibylla from claiming the throne, but Sibylla and her supporters went to Jerusalem, where it was decided that the kingdom should pass to her, on the condition that her marriage to Guy be annulled. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states in the context of the, First Crusade and the foundation of the kingdom, Fifth and Sixth Crusades and Frederick II, War of the Lombards and the Barons' Crusade, William Harris, "Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011," Oxford University Press, p. 51. Key use of the word dragoman, literally translator, with Syriac administrators and Arabic headsmen represented the direct need for negotiation of interests on both sides. The Latin Patriarchate was divided into four archdiocesestheir heads bearing the titles of Archbishop of Tyre, Archbishop of Caesarea, Archbishop of Nazareth and Archbishop of Petraand a number of suffragan dioceses. Dawud took advantage of the Ayyubid victory to recapture Jerusalem in December, the ten-year truce having expired. "[43], Miles of Plancy was briefly bailli or regent during Baldwin IV's minority. At best, it included only a few other significant cities, such as Ascalon and some interior fortresses, as well as suzerainty over Tripoli and Antioch. The native Christians and Muslims, who were a marginalized lower class, tended to speak Greek and Arabic, while the crusaders, who came mainly from France, spoke French. Patriarch Pizzaballa reacts to ongoing violence in Jenin refugee camp The majority of the kingdom's inhabitants were native Christians, especially Greek and Syriac Orthodox, as well as Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem is the title possessed by the Latin Rite Catholic Archbishop of Jerusalem. There were also multiple ways to become chattel slaves. Gates1. This article includes a religious people-related list of lists. The vast majority of the Crusaders who established and settled the Kingdom of Jerusalem were from the Kingdom of France, as were the knights and soldiers who made up the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred-year span of its existence; its rulers and elite were therefore predominantly French. The siege was lifted in December and Saladin retreated to Damascus. She was supported by, among others, Manasses of Hierges, who essentially governed for her as constable; her son Amalric, whom she set up as Count of Jaffa; Philip of Milly; and the Ibelin family. [32] In 1153, Baldwin launched an offensive against Ascalon, the fortress in the south from which Fatimid Egyptian armies had continually raided Jerusalem since the foundation of the kingdom. Outside the Catholic Church, the title of "Patriarch of Jerusalem" is also used by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, as well as, titularly (along with Alexandria), by the Melkite Patriarch. There was a very large slave market in Acre that functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Photograph: Ammar Awad/Reuters Israel This article is more. In 1261 the Patriarch, Jacques Pantaleon, organised a council to re-establish order in the kingdom, though the Genoese did not return to Acre. The Vatican signed a treaty with Palestine in 2015, which was the first time the Vatican recognized Palestine as an independent state. "Jerusalem (After 1291)." Louis arrived in Cyprus in 1248, where he gathered an army of his own men, including his brothers Robert of Artois, Charles of Anjou, and Alphonse of Poitiers, and those of Cyprus and Jerusalem, led by the Ibelin family John of Jaffa, Guy of Ibelin, and Balian of Beirut. The alliance fell apart, and al-Adil then defeated al Afdal in Egypt and annexed the country. [87], John of Arsuf had died in 1258 and was replaced as bailli by Geoffrey of Sergines, Louis IX's lieutenant in Acre. The number of European inhabitants increased, as the minor crusade of 1101 brought reinforcements to the kingdom. Agricultural production was regulated by the iqta, a Muslim system of land ownership and payments roughly (though far from exactly) equivalent to the feudal system of Europe, and this system was not heavily disrupted by the Crusaders. Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa, the most senior Roman Catholic official in the Middle East, has been appointed by Pope Francis as the new Latin patriarch of Jerusalem. By this time, the Mamluks under Baibars were taking advantage of the kingdom's constant disputes, and began conquering the remaining crusader cities along the coast. We condemn this violence, demand a ceasefire, and hope for the pursuit of peace and dialogue to prevent other future unjustified attacks on the population.. Jerusalem was the centre of education in the kingdom. Abp Pizzaballa on his first pastoral visit to Jordan as Latin Patriarch After much ill feeling and ill health, Philip returned home in 1191, soon after the fall of Acre. It was hoped that by allying with a relative of the Western emperor, Frederick would come to the kingdom's aid. The Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus is the principal, or "mother" church of the Latin Patriarchate, the church in which the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem has his official chair (cathedra). He left behind a large garrison of French soldiers in Acre, under the command of Geoffrey of Sergines. The papal legate Daimbert of Pisa convinced Godfrey to hand over Jerusalem to him as Latin Patriarch, with the intention to set up a theocratic state directly under papal control. The Byzantines were frequently at war with the Seljuks and other Turkish dynasties for control of Anatolia and Syria. Their son, the future Baldwin III, was named co-heir by his grandfather. [92] Nonetheless, the Frankish principalities remained a distinctive Occidental colony in the heart of Islam. The haute cour was the only judicial body for the nobles of the kingdom, hearing criminal cases such as murder, rape, and treason, and simpler feudal disputes such as the recovery of slaves, sales and purchases of fiefs, and default of service. Edward left in 1272, and despite the Second Council of Lyon's plans for another crusade in 1274, no further large-scale expedition ever arrived. 2, pg. HAIFA - On May 17th, 2023, His Beatitude Pierbattista Pizzaballa, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, participated in a conference organized by the Haifa Laboratory for Religious Studies' public committee, of which he is a mem To help Christians in the Holy Land and elsewhere to (re)immerse themselves in their Bible, Fr. Warfare between the Fatimids and Seljuks caused great disruption for the local Christians and for Western pilgrims. IDF soldiers conducted a 48-hour military campaign starting on Monday, July 3, which was meant to destroy terrorist infrastructure, according to an IDF statement. Its capital was moved to Acre and controlled most of the coastline of present-day Israel and southern and central Lebanon, including the strongholds and towns of Jaffa, Arsuf, Caesarea, Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut. Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan won the dispute and succeeded Hugh II on Cyprus as Hugh III. Villeins were rural semi-free laborers akin to serfs. When we say we make every effort to protect civilians [and] only target terrorists we mean it, an IDF statement following the attacks read. 2, bk. A brief intervention in 11371138 by the Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus, who wished to assert imperial suzerainty over all the crusader states, did nothing to stop the threat of Zengi; in 1139 Damascus and Jerusalem recognized the severity of the threat to both states, and an alliance was concluded which halted Zengi's advance. Saladin, meanwhile, had pacified his Mesopotamian territories, and was now eager to attack the crusader kingdom; he did not intend to renew the truce when it expired in 1187. Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 11741189", in, Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin", in. [11] The more popular Godfrey did not hesitate like Raymond, and accepted the position as leader. The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, as well as the Khwarezmian and Mongol invaders. Melisende surrendered and retired to Nablus, but Baldwin appointed her his regent and chief advisor, and she retained some of her influence, especially in appointing ecclesiastical officials. Amalric accomplished nothing else, but his actions prompted Shawar to switch sides again and seek help from Shirkuh. The marriage was annulled amid some controversy. The apparently inevitable Mongol conquest was stalled when Hulagu, the Mongol commander in Syria, returned home after the death of his brother Mngke Khan, leaving Kitbuqa with a small garrison. [124] Jerusalem had an extensive library not only of ancient and medieval Latin works but of Arabic literature, much of which was apparently captured from Usamah ibn Munqidh and his entourage after a shipwreck in 1154. As Jesus drew near, he saw Jerusalem and wept over it, saying, If this day you only knew what makes for peace (Luke 19:41-42). Dec 23, 2022. In 1342, Pope Clement VI officially committed the care of the Holy Land to the Franciscans and the Franciscan Custos of the Holy Lands (The Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre) held the title ex officio under the Papal bull Gratiam agimus by Pope Clement VI, unless someone was specifically appointed to the honorary office. The Latin Parish in Jenin suffered damage from an ongoing Israeli military operation in the Palestinian city, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem said on Tuesday, the Anadolu news agency reported. [96], According to Ellenblum's interpretation, the inhabitants of the Kingdom (Latin Christians living alongside native Greek and Syriac Christians, Shia and Sunni Arabs, Sufis, Bedouin, Druze, Jews, and Samaritans) all had major differences between each other as well as with the crusaders. Jerusalem was established as a patriarchate because of the holiness of the place; the special significance acquired between the first and fourth ecumenical councils; the erection of magnificent churches; the conversion of a large proportion of the population of Roman and Byzantine Syria-Palestina to Christianity; the coming together of pilgrims . Baibars was free to continue his campaigns: in 1270 he had the Assassins kill Philip of Montfort, and in 1271 he captured the Hospitaller and Teutonic Knights strongholds of Krak des Chevaliers and Montfort Castle. The Egyptian vizier Shawar again requested help from Nur ad-Din, who sent his general Shirkuh, but Shawar quickly turned against him and allied with Amalric. The subsequent Siege of Damascus was a complete failure; when the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls, and was driven back. Note the famous example of William of Tyre, For example, King Baldwin III "was fairly well educated", and "particularly enjoyed listening to the reading of history" (William of Tyre, vol.
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latin patriarch of jerusalem
